Softening and elution of monomers in ethanol

Benetti, Ana R.; Asmussen, Erik; Munksgaard, E. Christian; Dewaele, Magali; Peutzfeldt, Anne; Leloup, Gaëtane; Devaux, Jacques

doi:10.1016/j.dental.2009.01.104

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Volume 25, Issue 8 , Pages 1007-1013, August 2009

Softening and elution of monomers in ethanol

Ana R. Benetti
- School of Dentistry, Universidade Norte do Paraná (UNOPAR), PR, Brazil
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +55 14 3235 8365/44 9995 2442; fax: +55 14 3235 8325.
Erik Asmussen
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
E. Christian Munksgaard
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Magali Dewaele
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics of High Polymers, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry and Stomatology, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
Anne Peutzfeldt
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Gaëtane Leloup
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry and Stomatology, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
Jacques Devaux
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics of High Polymers, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

Received 15 April 2008; received in revised form 18 December 2008; accepted 27 January 2009.

Abstract

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of light-curing protocol on softening and elution of monomers in ethanol as measured on a model polymer. It was a further aim to correlate the measured values with previously reported data on degree of conversion and glass transition temperature for the same polymer and curing protocols.

Methods

Different light-curing protocols were used in order to investigate the influence of energy density, power density, and mode of cure on the properties of a model polymer. The modes of cure were continuous, pulse-delay, and stepped irradiation of the specimens. Wallace hardness was used to determine the softening of the polymer after storage in ethanol for 24h. Elution of monomers from the polymer was assessed after 7 days in ethanol by means of high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Data were submitted to two- and three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Newman–Keuls’ multiple comparison test, and linear regression analysis.

Results

Energy density, power density, and mode of cure of the polymer influenced the softening and elution of monomers in ethanol. As energy density increased, softening and elution in ethanol decreased. At same energy density, the influence of power density varied with the mode of cure. When compared to the continuous mode of cure, and at same energy density, pulse-delay irradiation resulted in polymers that in general were more susceptible to softening, but eluted monomers to a lower extent. Less elution was also found with step-cured polymers. Significant, negative correlations were detected between softening and elution in ethanol, respectively, and degree of conversion and between softening and elution in ethanol, respectively, and glass transition temperature.

Significance

A complex relationship exists between curing protocol and the properties selected for investigation. The effect of different combinations of exposure periods and power densities are important to understanding how the curing protocol affects the properties of polymer-based materials.

Keywords: Resin composite, Photocuring, High-pressure liquid chromatography, Hardness, Glass transition temperature, Degree of conversion, Dental materials, Dental polymers