Dental Materials
Volume 25, Issue 6 , Pages 771-780 , June 2009

Characterization of mouthguard materials: Physical and mechanical properties of commercialized products

  • Trenton E. Gould

      Affiliations

    • School of Human Performance, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author at: Sport and High Performance Materials Program, The University of Southern Mississippi, The School of Human Performance, 118 College Drive, #5142, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA. Tel.: +1 601 266 6339; fax: +1 601 266 4445.
    • ,
  • Scott G. Piland

      Affiliations

    • School of Human Performance, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
    • ,
  • Junghwan Shin

      Affiliations

    • School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
    • ,
  • Charles E. Hoyle

      Affiliations

    • School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
    • ,
  • Sergei Nazarenko

      Affiliations

    • School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA

Received 3 November 2008 ,Revised 19 December 2008 ,Accepted 20 December 2008.

References 

  1. Craig RG, Godwin WC. Physical properties of materials for custom-made mouth protectors. Journal of the Michigan State Dental Association. 1967;49(2):34–40
  2. Going R, Loehman R, Chan MS. Mouthguard materials: their physical and mechanical properties. Journal of the American Dental Association. 1974;89:132–138
  3. Alexander M. Mild traumatic brain injury: pathophysiology, natural history, and clinical management. Neurology. 1995;45:1253–1260
  4. Godwin WC, Craig RG. Stress transmitted through mouth protectors. Journal of the American Dental Association. 1968;77(6):1316–1320
  5. Tran D, Cooke MS, Newsome PRH. Laboratory evaluation of mouthguard material. Dental Traumatology. 2001;17:260–265
  6. Craig RG, Godwin WC. Properties of athletic mouth protectors and materials. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 2002;29:146–150
  7. Meng FH, Schricker SR, Brantley WA, et al. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and temperature-modulated DSC study of three mouthguard materials. Dental Materials. 2007;23:1492–1499
  8. Low D, Sumii T, Swain MV, Ishigami K, Takeda T. Instrumented indentation characterisation of mouth-guard materials. Dental Materials. 2002;18:211–215
  9. Greasley A, Imlach G, Karet B. Application of a standard test to the in vitro performance of mouthguards. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1998;32:17–19
  10. Warnet L, Greasley A. Transient forces generated by projectiles on variable quality mouthguards monitored by instrumented impact testing. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2001;35:257–262
  11. Westerman B, Stringfellow PM, Eccleston JA. EVA mouthguards: how thick should they be?. Dental Traumatology. 2002;18:24–27
  12. Duhaime CF, Whitmyer CC, Butler RS, Kuban B. Comparison of forces transmitted through different EVA mouthguards. Dental Traumatology. 2006;22:186–192
  13. Wisniewski JF, Guskiewicz K, Trope M, Sigurdsson A. Incidence of cerebral concussion associated with type of mouthguard used in college football. Dental Traumatology. 2004;20:143–149
  14. Mihalik JP, MCaffrey MA, Rivera EM, et al. Effectiveness of mouthguards in reducing neurocognitive deficits following sport-srelated cerebral concussion. Dental Traumatology. 2007;23:14–20
  15. Beachy G. Dental injuries in intermediate and high school athletes: a 15 year study at Punahou School. Journal of Athletic Training. 2004;39(4):310–315
  16. Knapik JJ, Marshall SW, Lee RB, et al. Mouthguards in sport activities. Sport Medicine. 2007;37(2):117–144
  17. Gould TE, Piland SG, Hoyle CE, Nazarenko S. Mouth protection in sports. In:  Aleksandar Subic editors. Materials in sports equipment, vol. 2. Cambridge, England: Woodhead Publishing Limited; 2007;
  18. HB 209-2003 . Guidelines for the fabrication use and maintenance of sports mouthguards. Standards Australia International; 2003;
  19. Specification No. 99 . Athletic mouth protectors and materials. American National Standards Institute/American Dental Association; 2001;
  20. ASTM 697. Standard practice for care and use of athletic mouth protectors. ASTM International; 2000 (Reapproved 2006);
  21. Seymour RB, Carraher CE. Polymer chemistry: an introduction. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1981;
  22. Stenger J, Lawson E, Wright J, et al. Mouthguards: protection against shock to the head, neck and teeth. Journal of the American Dental Association. 1964;69:273–281
  23. Winters JE. Commentary: role of properly fitted mouthguards in prevention of sport-related concussion. Journal of Athletic Training. 2001;36(3):339–341
  24. Hickey J, Morris A, Carlson L, et al. The relation of mouth protectors to cranial pressure and deformation. Journal of the American Dental Association. 1967;74:735–740
  25. ASTM D 2240 . Standard test method for rubber property—durometer hardness. ASTM International; 2005;
  26. ASTM D 570 . Standard test method for water absorption of plastics. ASTM International; 1998 (Reapproved 2005);
  27. ASTM D 624. Standard test method for tear strength of conventional vulcanized rubber and thermoplastic elastomers. ASTM International; 2000 (Reapproved 2007).
  28. ASTM D 6110 . Standard test methods for determining the charpy impact resistance of notched specimens of plastics. ASTM International; 2006;
  29. Senyurt AF, Wei H, Hoyle CE, Piland SG, Gould TE. Ternary thiol-ene-acrylate photopolymers: Effect of acrylate structure on mechanical properties. Macromolecules. 2007;40:4901–4909
  30. Senyurt AF, Hoyle CE, Wei H, Piland SG, Gould TE. Thermal and mechanical properties of cross-linked photopolymers based on multifunctional thiol-urethane ene monomers. Macromolecules. 2007;40:3174–3182

PII: S0109-5641(08)00306-0

doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2008.12.005

Dental Materials
Volume 25, Issue 6 , Pages 771-780 , June 2009

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