Pattern of cell death after in vitro exposure to GDMA, TEGDMA, HEMA and two compomer extracts

Becher, Rune; Kopperud, Hilde Molvig; Al, Ronald H.; Samuelsen, Jan Tore; Morisbak, Else; Dahlman, Hans Jörgen; Lilleaas, Edel Marie; Dahl, Jon E.

doi:10.1016/j.dental.2005.05.013

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Volume 22, Issue 7 , Pages 630-640, July 2006

Pattern of cell death after in vitro exposure to GDMA, TEGDMA, HEMA and two compomer extracts

Rune Becher
- Noraic Institute of Dental Materials, Haslum, Norway
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Corresponding author. Address: Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Geitmyrsveien 75, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403, Oslo, Norway. Tel.: +47 22 04 22 00; fax: +47 22 35 36 05.
Hilde Molvig Kopperud
- Noraic Institute of Dental Materials, Haslum, Norway
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
Ronald H. Al
- Noraic Institute of Dental Materials, Haslum, Norway
- Current address: Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås, Norway.
Jan Tore Samuelsen
- Noraic Institute of Dental Materials, Haslum, Norway
Else Morisbak
- Noraic Institute of Dental Materials, Haslum, Norway
Hans Jörgen Dahlman
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
Edel Marie Lilleaas
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
Jon E. Dahl
- Noraic Institute of Dental Materials, Haslum, Norway

Received 13 May 2004; received in revised form 11 May 2005; accepted 24 May 2005.

Summary

Objectives

In vitro exposure to chemical compounds in dental materials may cause cell death by apoptosis, necrosis or a combination of both. The aim of this paper was to evaluate aqueous extracts of freshly cured compomers Freedom (SDI) and F2000 (3M ESPE), and constituents identified in the extracts, GDMA (glycerol dimethacrylate), TEGDMA (triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) and HEMA (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) for their ability to induce necrosis and apoptosis in primary rat alveolar macrophages and the J744A1 macrophage cell line.

Methods

The cells were exposed to either extracts of freshly cured samples of the products or to one of the constituents identified in the extracts. Cytotoxicity and necrosis were assayed by MTT test and fluorescence microscopy, respectively. Apoptosis was assayed by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry.

Results

Concentration-related apoptosis and necrosis were found in both cell types after exposure to extracts from Freedom and F2000. GDMA appeared to be the most cytotoxic of the tested constituents in the J744A1 cell line as evaluated by the MTT test. TEGDMA was more cytotoxic than HEMA using the MTT test and fluorescence microscopy, whereas HEMA caused a greater accumulation of apoptotic cells seen by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. For various concentrations of HEMA and TEGDMA, the extent of apoptosis appeared inversely related to the cytotoxicity evaluated by the MTT test.

Significance

As an apoptotic response elicits less inflammatory response in the surrounding tissues than a necrotic process, the role of cell death pattern could be important for the evaluation of the biocompatibility of dental materials.

Keywords: Dental materials, Cell culture, Apoptosis, Necrosis